Soil pits offer critical insights for agriculture, construction, and environmental studies across the United States

A calicata is a pit dug into the ground to visually inspect and analyze the composition of the soil. This method is widely used in agriculture, viticulture, construction, and environmental studies across the United States and other countries. The process involves excavating a hole, usually starting at about one cubic meter in size, though dimensions can vary depending on the specific requirements of the study area. The main goal is to observe the soil profile in its natural state, which cannot be achieved through other sampling methods.

The information obtained from a calicata is essential for understanding several key aspects of the soil. By examining the exposed layers, experts can assess moisture content, degree of compaction, depth, and the structure and composition of each layer. This direct observation helps define the soil profile and provides insight into root activity and plant health. Such data are crucial for making informed decisions about land management, crop selection, irrigation strategies, and construction planning.

The distance between calicatas depends on various factors. There is no universal formula for spacing because soils are often heterogeneous due to natural processes that move and mix materials over time. Experts typically use preliminary studies, conductivity measurements, and previous soil samples to determine where to place each calicata. Even within short distances, significant differences in soil profiles can be observed, reflecting underlying geological variations.

The work associated with a calicata does not end with visual inspection inside the pit. The fieldwork is only the first step in a more complex analysis process. Samples collected from different layers are taken to laboratories for further testing. These tests help answer questions about why certain soil characteristics exist, how plants and water interact with those characteristics, and what implications they have for land use.

When a soil profile appears uniform at first glance, specialists use simple tools like a hand pick to test for differences between layers. By applying consistent pressure vertically along the wall of the pit, they can detect changes in texture or composition. For example, sandy material will break away more easily than clay when scored with a pick. This technique helps identify subtle transitions between layers that may not be visible otherwise.

Rocks found within a calicata also provide valuable information about the soil’s history and properties. The size and distribution of stones can indicate past geological events or current drainage conditions. Some rocks may show signs of weathering—a process called “meteorización”—where minerals break down over time until stones crumble when handled. These observations contribute to a deeper understanding of how soils evolve and how best to manage them for agriculture or construction.

Calicatas are commonly used throughout North America by agronomists, geologists, engineers, and environmental scientists. They are especially important in regions where soil variability affects crop yields or building stability. The method remains one of the most reliable ways to obtain an accurate picture of subsurface conditions before making significant investments in land development or agricultural production.

In summary, calicatas serve as an essential tool for anyone needing detailed knowledge about soil structure and composition. Their use supports better decision-making in fields ranging from farming to infrastructure development by providing direct access to information that cannot be gathered through surface observation alone.