Genomics transforms wine grape breeding as climate change and pests threaten global vineyards

In recent years, genomics has begun to reshape the way wine grapes are grown, offering new solutions to some of the most pressing challenges in viticulture. The European Union, which produces nearly half of the world’s wine, faces mounting threats from climate change and the spread of pests and diseases. These factors are affecting both the yield and quality of grape harvests, putting pressure on an industry that supports millions of jobs and is central to many regional economies.

Traditionally, vineyards have relied heavily on chemical pesticides to protect vines from pests and diseases. While effective in the short term, this approach has led to environmental concerns, including harm to beneficial insects and risks to human health. Studies have shown that widespread pesticide use can reduce bumblebee populations and is linked to serious health conditions among agricultural workers and nearby communities. In response, the European Union has set a target to cut pesticide use by 50% by 2030 as part of its Farm to Fork Strategy.

This shift away from chemical reliance has increased interest in sustainable pest management strategies. Genomics is at the forefront of these efforts. By analyzing the genetic makeup of grapevines, researchers can identify traits that make certain varieties more resistant to diseases like powdery mildew and downy mildew. This knowledge allows breeders to develop new grape varieties that require fewer chemical treatments while maintaining or even improving fruit quality.

Advances in sequencing technology have made genomic research more accessible and affordable. Platforms such as MGI’s DNBSEQ™ have enabled even small research teams to conduct large-scale studies. At Lincoln University in New Zealand, scientists are using these tools to breed grape varieties with improved flavor, higher yields, and greater resistance to common pests and diseases. The university’s Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences has been able to process hundreds of samples quickly and cost-effectively, a significant improvement over previous methods that required sending samples overseas for analysis.

Associate Professor Chris Winefield at Lincoln University explained that their work with Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc genomes is helping them understand how different clones vary genetically. This information could eventually lead to the development of vines that are more tolerant of environmental stresses. The adoption of advanced sequencing technology has allowed the team to scale up their research dramatically, with plans to process tens of thousands of samples annually.

The impact of genomics is not limited to New Zealand. In Australia, sequencing technologies are being used in food sustainability programs to identify drought- and disease-resistant traits in crops. These efforts have led to improved crop varieties in developing countries and the creation of advanced genomics platforms for local fruit breeding. In Thailand, researchers are using similar technologies to study mangrove biodiversity, which is important for coastal protection and local economies.

The democratization of genomic tools is helping smaller agricultural sectors innovate and improve sustainability. By making advanced research accessible beyond large commercial operations, these technologies are supporting a more inclusive approach to agricultural development.

As climate change continues to alter growing conditions worldwide, the need for resilient crops becomes more urgent. Genomics offers a way forward by enabling targeted breeding for disease resistance and climate adaptation without increasing chemical inputs. This approach aligns with international efforts to reduce pesticide use and protect both human health and biodiversity.

The experience in New Zealand provides a model for other regions seeking to balance productivity with sustainability. By investing in genomic research and adopting new technologies, wine producers can better respond to environmental pressures while meeting consumer expectations for quality and sustainability.

The integration of genomics into viticulture marks a significant step toward a more resilient wine industry. As sequencing becomes more widespread and affordable, its influence on grape breeding, pest management, and biodiversity conservation is expected to grow. This scientific progress is helping shape a future where vineyards can thrive despite changing climates and evolving pest threats, ensuring that wine remains a vital part of global agriculture and culture.