Grapes, regions, and the wines they produce

The world is home to thousands of grape varieties, with most being capable of producing exceptional wines. However, when we consider the most popular and readily available wines, this vast diversity narrows down to approximately fifty primary types of vines. The true magic of viniculture lies not just in the number of grape varieties but also in the myriad flavors and profiles they can produce.

From Vine to Glass: How Geography Shapes Taste

Interestingly, the same grape variety can yield strikingly different wines depending on where it's cultivated. For instance, a grape grown in the hills of Tuscany can produce a wine with a profile distinct from the same grape grown in the valleys of Napa. It's often said that discerning the primary characteristics of various grape varieties can be the work of a lifetime.

Typically, red wine varieties evoke flavors reminiscent of red and black fruits. In contrast, white wines often carry citrus or stone fruit undertones, possibly paired with toasted or woody hints. Climate plays a pivotal role in shaping a wine's taste, so it's common to notice flavor variations based on the region, country, or even the season in which the wine was crafted.

Tannin and Oak: The Silent Influencers

One thing you wouldn't typically find in a white wine, but would in a red, is tannin. Originating from grape skins and seeds, tannin contributes to a wine's flavor and texture. Since white wines aren't fermented with these elements, they generally lack this substance. The tannin levels in red wines vary depending on the grape variety and the production method used.

Both red and white wines can exhibit wooden notes. Wines like chardonnays, sémillons, and sauvignon blancs can be aged in new barrels without compromising their natural flavors. On the contrary, rieslings and gewürztraminers don't benefit from contact with new wood.

Varieties vs. Varietals: A Brief Distinction

Most New World wine producers market their wines based on the grape variety used. In contrast, European producers often label based on origin—be it the region, estate, or vineyard. In countries like France, the Appellation Contrôlée system typically prohibits producers from specifying the grape variety on the label. This divergence in labeling practices can sometimes lead to confusion. To clarify, "variety" refers to different types of grapes and their attributes, while "varietal" denotes a wine made predominantly from one grape variety, comprising at least 85% of the content.

When two or more varieties are utilized, the resulting wine is called a "coupage" or blend.

The Art of Coupage

Numerous winemakers craft their wines by blending either different wines from the same variety or wines from various strains. Some vintners also mix different vintages, either to maintain a particular style consistency or reduce costs. For instance, in the U.S., Chardonnay is often blended with Colombard to cut down the former's high cost.

Not all red grapes suit every blend, but some greatly benefit from being part of a coupage, enhancing their overall profile. Notable examples include Bordeaux, a blend of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Merlot, and Champagne or Châteauneuf-du-Pape. The Cabernet Sauvignon grape is particularly versatile for blending, compatible with a range of different varieties. When blended with care, it can complement other grapes beautifully, as seen in Australian Shiraz-Cabernet blends or Italian Sangiovese-Cabernet blends. Spain often pairs Tempranillo with Garnacha, whereas southern France frequently blends Garnacha with Syrah and Mourvédre.