An unexpected ally for modern winemakers

In the enchanting world of winemaking, where tradition often meets innovation, the battle against the impacts of global warming on vineyards and wine quality has prompted the industry to adopt new techniques. Among these, the use of fumaric acid has emerged as a groundbreaking approach to preserve the natural acidity of wines, playing a pivotal role in the modern winemaker's toolkit. As we dive deeper into this narrative, it's essential to understand how fumaric acid, a seemingly unassuming compound, has become an unexpected ally for winemakers grappling with the challenges of a warming globe.

The process of malolactic fermentation (MLF), a standard step in the winemaking process, particularly for red wines, involves the conversion of sharper malic acid into softer lactic acid, contributing to the wine's complexity and smoothness. However, this process also leads to a reduction in the wine's overall acidity, a characteristic that is especially undesirable in the context of global warming. Higher average temperatures can result in grapes with lower natural acidity, making the preservation of wine's freshness more challenging than ever.

Enter fumaric acid, an FDA-approved food additive recognized for its ability to inhibit malolactic fermentation effectively. Supported by the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) as a regulated winemaking practice, the addition of fumaric acid allows winemakers to control unwanted MLF, thereby preserving the wine's natural acidity and freshness. This technique is particularly beneficial for white, rosé, and sparkling wines, which are traditionally celebrated for their crisp acidity. By inhibiting MLF, these wines retain their characteristic freshness, lower pH, and are less susceptible to microbial instability.

Research spearheaded by Antonio Morata at the Polytechnic University of Madrid (Spain) has shed light on the effectiveness of fumaric acid across various grape varieties, wine types, and vintages. The findings demonstrate that wines treated with fumaric acid exhibit lower pH levels and reduced volatile acidity, all without compromising the sensory quality of the final product. This is a significant breakthrough, providing a scientific basis for the practical application of fumaric acid in winemaking.

Furthermore, the use of fumaric acid is not limited to white, rosé, and sparkling wines. In warmer regions, where red wines might lose their vibrant acidity due to elevated temperatures, preventing MLF can help maintain the wine's liveliness and freshness. This opens up new possibilities for red wine production, allowing winemakers to explore different expressions of acidity that align with consumer preferences for fresher tasting wines.

The adoption of fumaric acid in winemaking is a testament to the industry's resilience and adaptability in the face of climate change. By embracing innovative practices, winemakers can continue to produce high-quality wines that meet the evolving tastes of consumers while addressing environmental concerns. The journey of fumaric acid from a simple food additive to a crucial component in winemaking highlights the ongoing quest for sustainability and excellence in the wine industry. As we look towards the future, the role of innovation in preserving the traditions and flavors of wine becomes ever more apparent, proving that even in a changing world, the essence of great wine can endure.